Saturday, December 28, 2019

Relationship Between Culture And Economic Incentives

In the following, I will argue that in order to understand change we need a concrete understanding of the relationship between culture and economic incentives, not a set primacy of one over the other. Change should ideally be explained by a synthesis in which both culture and economic incentives are taken into account. It is not only about stating that there is a relationship but also about analysing how that relationship works in terms of mechanisms. section{Synthesis in an Ontologically Divided Field?} In this section, I will develop the scope for synthesis regarding culture and economic incentives in a political economic analysis of change. \\ I claim that we need two levels of synthesis, one on the conceptual level, one on the†¦show more content†¦According to this, the concept of incentives as economic incentives should be softened if we want to understand its link to culture. \\ There are various types of incentives, not only material also intangible and expressive incentives (cite[195]{leighley1995attitudes}). This may lead to ambiguous responses if they interact with subjective feelings and desires. Hence, if the model includes non-material incentives like esteem or expressing one s identity, the relationship between culture and economic incentives becomes a much closer one to analyse. \ Expressive incentives have a theoretical significance, which shows that the rational choice understanding of the human nature is incomplete (cite[195-197]{leighley1995attitudes}). Behaviour in groups or societies is more complex. Norms condition decision-making in groups. Nonetheless, in addition to these cultural factors, the personal motivations and incentives for a certain behaviour within societies need to be considered (cite[12]{laffont2009theory}). My aim is that if we synthesise rational choice and cultural perspectives, more phenomena become explainable without completely abandoning rational choice assumptions. \\ For example, citeauthor{chong2000rational} (citeyear{chong2000rational}) models a rational choice theory of agency, synthesised with cultural and psychological factors, material and non-material incentivesShow MoreRelatedRoaring Dragon Hotel : Good Management Qualities1354 Words   |  6 Pages Executive Summary This proposal explains a thorough analysis on the good management qualities of organization. Major issue in the organization was the conflicts between management and their employees, which can be solved to get better performance and profits. These conflicts occur between management and employees are due to many reasons like cultural conflicts, inadequate training, and lack of understanding and strict management policies. 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What are the future trends? Potential barriers Description/Examples Heterogeneity of consumers Although a technology may be cost-effective on average for a class of users taken in aggregate, the class,Read MoreMaking Innovation Work1079 Words   |  5 Pagesstate of one company to how to design an innovation strategy while integrating /balancing innovations between technology and business model; it talks about how to manage innovation by fighting organizational antibodies (from bureaucracy to not-invented-here syndrome) and leverage technology to design innovation process; and finally it touches on how to measure and reward innovation using incentives, designing measures. Overall opinion My overall impression about this book is it is insightful as

Friday, December 20, 2019

Piaget and Vygotsky The Psychology of Cognitive Development

This essay concerns the psychology of cognitive development. Cognitive development can be explained in terms of the acquisition, construction and progressive change in thought processes such as memory, problem-solving and decision-making that occurs from childhood to adulthood (in Smith, P.K., Cowie, H Blades, M. 2003). Major pioneers in this area and whose work has been the foundation of much research in cognitive psychology are among Jean Piaget’s (1926) and Lev Vygotksy’s (1978). A common understanding between the two rest on the idea that cognitive development in children occurs through stages, however, their approach in identifying these stages highly differ (in Smith P.K. et al., 2003). Piaget’s account of cognitive development†¦show more content†¦They are; sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete and formal (in Passer, M. et al., 2009). The sensorimotor occurs from birth up to two years old. Social interactions and the environment play a prominent role in the developing infant. The infant has the ability to form an understanding of reality and is successfully able to differentiate from itself and objects. The infant also achieves object permanence in which they realise that the existence of objects continues although it may not be visually presented to them (in Smith P.K. et al., 2003). The pre-operational stage occurs between ages 2 to 4. The child is preoccupied with language and associating objects with certain images, symbols and words as the classification of objects is made easier this way. Since children are unable to conceptualize abstractly, Piaget explained this in terms of their egocentric thoughts, the idea that the child is seeing a world of its own thus having difficulty in seeing the viewpoint of others effectively (in Smith P.K. et al., 2003). The concrete operational stage occurs between 7 to 11 years. Piaget contended that children’s abstract thinking is now limited thus being able to think logically about objects which in turn enables abilities of reversibility and conservation (in Smith P.K. et al.,Show MoreRelatedA Study on Cognitive Psychology650 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Cognitive psychology studies the mental processes that permit humans to perceive, remember, learn, and think. Cognitive psychology is subsumed under the broad field of cognitive science, which includes disciplines such as linguistics, philosophy, and neuroscience. (Allport, 1985). Cognitive psychologists study human memory, attention, perception, intelligence, problem-solving, decision-making, judgment, and language acquisition (Cherry, 2011). Among these several topics, the emphasisRead MoreWgu Fht Task 11675 Words   |  7 PagesShepherd Human Development and Learning - FHT4 Western Governors University Student ID 259630 FHT4 - Task 1 Cognitive Development refers to the construction of the thought process that includes problem solving, remembering and the ability to make decisions, from childhood up to the adulthood stage. Cognitive/Intellectual Development is the ability to learn, reason, and analyze the fact that a process begins from infancy and progresses as the individual (Educational Psychology). Cognitive DevelopmentRead MoreOutline the main similarities and differences between Piaget‚Äà ´s and Vygotsky‚Äà ´s explanations for cognitive development in children1702 Words   |  7 Pagesexplanations for cognitive development in children. Piaget and Vygotsky were both, looking into the same period of cognitive development in infants and children and sharing the same basic concerns. Piaget (1896-1980) developing his theory slightly earlier than Vygotsky (1896-1934) who worked to show that there were certain flaws in Piaget s theory of genetic epistemology. Vogotsky and his social-cultural theory of cognitive development might be seen as the Soviet counterpart to Piaget s westernRead MoreJean Piagets Influence On The Development Of Constructivism1032 Words   |  5 Pagesdifference between cognitive constructivism and social constructivism. Cognitive Constructivism is when individuals construct ideas based off of personal process, whereas social constructivism believes that ideas are constructed through student and teacher interaction(Powell Kalina, 2009) Many people give credit to Lev Vygotsky for his constructivist theory but Jean Piaget is the patriarch of the theory. Jean Piaget’s influence on the Development of Constructivism A Brief Biography Piaget is a well-knownRead MoreCompare and contrast Piaget‚Äà ´s and Vygotsky‚Äà ´s theories of cognitive development in children1274 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Compare and contrast Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of cognitive development in children. This essay will compare Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of cognitive development in children. Also, show the differences between the two psychologist’s theories. Thus, by showing their similarities like in language and adaptation theories. Further, differences like Piaget’s theory on cognitive developmental stages and the schemas which are build to learn or accommodate new words or things. Vygostky’sRead MorePiaget And Vygotsky s Theories1008 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Piaget and Vygotsky Bruner (2015) discusses a time of great change in the world of psychology in Germany, America, and in Britain through contributions of several â€Å"new heroes [that] were much more holistic, much less reductionist†¦the worldwide major figures in the field of developmental psychology were now Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget†. Lourenà §o (2012) reiterated the importance of Piaget and Vygotsky as two influential developmental psychologists and added that â€Å"their contributions toRead MoreVygotsky and Piaget Theory - 6 Pages ( Apa Format with Bibliography )1039 Words   |  5 PagesVygotsky and Piaget Theory Vygotsky and Piaget Cognitive development can be described as the process in which a person constructs their thoughts for example, remembering things, problem solving and attention. In this essay I am going to evaluate the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. I will look into the weaknesses and strengths of the theories with supporting evidence and also the similarities and the differences of the two theories. Piaget believed that children develop through theRead MoreSimilarities Between Piaget And Vygotsky And Cognitive Development953 Words   |  4 Pagesa remarkable influence on development and learning. Second, this essay will examine Piaget and Vygotsky’s background, each hypothesis as it relates to cognitive development and education, the similarities and differences, the impact of having better insight into and understanding the concept of learning. Developmental science involves looking at the entire realm of human thought, behavior, and expression (Steinberg, Bornstein, Vandell Rook, 2011). Cognitive development entails qualitative changesRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky : Early Childhood Development1683 Words   |  7 Pages Amanda Rezzonico Piaget vs Vygotsky Early Childhood Development Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are known in the educational world. Vygotsky and Piaget were developmental psychologists who had many of the same views and beliefs, but at the same time had opposing views. According to Jean Piaget â€Å"cognitive development was a repetitive reorganization of mental processes that derived from biological maturation in addition to environmental experiences’’ (McLeod, S. A. (2015). The childRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky s Theory Of Development791 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are prominent influential figures in the field of developmental psychology. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast their theories of development, as well as identified what can be gained through a better understanding of the theories. A Brief Summary of the Theories of Piaget and Vygotsky Piaget’s theory of development is based on four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stage. Piaget believed development was

Thursday, December 12, 2019

O Brother Where Art Thou Analysis Essay Example For Students

O Brother Where Art Thou? Analysis Essay One of the main themes in O Brother, Were Art Thou? is family. This is first introduced when the convicts meet the Blind Seer on the railroad. The seer addresses them as my sons and they in turn address him as Grandpa. Then to get out of their chains they go to see Petes cousin, Washington. While eating dinner Washington catches Pete up on all the family news. Washington then ends up turning them in for the bounty money but Petes second cousin, Washingtons son, rescues them. After the rescue Pete sends the boy home to mind his paw, knowing that family ties are important. Even after knowing Washington turned them in Pete is furious when he finds out that Everett stole his cousins watch. Delmar also expresses familial motivations, even though none of his family is ever met during the film. When he believes they are going after a treasure of money he explains that he was going to use his share to buy back the family farm. Everetts only goal throughout the movie is to get back to his family. So he invented a fictitious treasure to get Pete and Delmar to escape with him. His only intent is to win back his wife, daughters and have a stable family. He is greatly hurt when he finds out that Penny told their daughters that he was hit by a train and that Vernon T. Waldrip was going to be their new father. Everett retorts by saying I am the only daddy you got!